Background Information
Mount Kilimanjaro is an impressive volcanic mountain located in the East African Rift Valley, stretching across the border of Tanzania and Kenya. With its height of 5,895 meters (19,341 ft), it is often referred to as the highest point in Africa. The mountain has been classified as a dormant volcano and it is estimated to be over 500,000 years old.
The mountain has also been classified as an extreme climate area, owing its unique weather conditions to the convergence of two different air masses: dry equatorial air masses from the Indian Ocean and humid air from the Atlantic. This classification has resulted in the creation of various distinct climate zones across the diversity of the mountain’s ecosystems. It is these weather conditions which, in turn, have greatly influenced the types of rock and soil composition that has been found on the mountain.
Expert Perspective and Data
In geological terms, Mount Kilimanjaro is classified as being a ‘collision boundary’ or a ‘convergent boundary’, meaning that two separate tectonic plates are converging into each other and the pressures between the plates have caused the surface of the mountain to crunch and fold together. Geologists have studied the area extensively and discovered that the mountain is made up of layers of basalt and granite, with the highest portions of the mountain consisting of an inner layer of crystalline metamorphic rock, which is more resistant to erosion, as well as a belt of volcanics and sedimentary rocks.
A study by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has revealed that the mountain has been advancing up through two plates over the last 5 million years. It is theorised that the uplift of the mountain is the result of two plates coming together, pushing the mountain up from below. The African Plate is pushing against the Somali Plate, causing the mountain to increase in stature.
Analysis and Insights
Studying the geological composition of the mountain helps to explain why Mount Kilimanjaro is so incredibly high, is vastly different from other mountains and why it is one of the most sought after climbs in the world. As a result of the convergent boundary, the mountain’s geological structure has not only led to its impressive height but also to the range of diverse environments that exist around its base. From rocky trails to lush rainforests, the mountain provides an array of ecosystems and a unique landscape that is like no other.
The type of plate boundary should also be taken into consideration when studying the unique species of plants and animals that are found on the mountain, as the conditions enable them to survive and thrive on the mountain. For instance, the mountain hosts a number of endemic species such as the black leopard, the Kilimanjaro shrew and the endangered Abbot’s duiker. Further, the type of plate boundary at Mount Kilimanjaro has resulted in the formation of a number of distinct habitats, such as swamps, bamboo forests and open grassland.
Soil and Vegetation
The soil composition on the mountain is largely down to the type of plate boundaries that are present. In earlier years, the volcanic activity around the mountain created a large number of ash deposits, resulting in a highly alkaline soil that restricts the successful growth of seedlings and vegetation. However, due to the convergence of the two plates and the uplift of the mountain, the soil has gradually become more neutral and has allowed for more plant life to thrive.
The result of this is that much of the mountain is now covered with a wide spectrum of mountainous vegetations such as short grasses, mosses and lichens as well as ferns, herbs and shrubs. At lower altitudes arboreal species such as cypresses, junipers and brushwood can also be found, giving the area its unique scenic beauty. The upper reaches of the mountain are home to the unique Kibo plant, a succulent species with a delicate white flower which can only be found on the peak of Kilimanjaro.
Ecosystem and Wildlife
The distinct topography and climates of the mountain have also enabled a number of different species of animal to inhabit the area. Species such as the elephant, lion, antelope, leopard, buffalo, zebra and giraffe have all been seen on the lower slopes, whilst more elusive species such as the colobus monkey, elephant shrew and wildcat can be found inhabiting some of the more remote areas. In addition, the mountain hosts a variety of migratory birds and raptors such as the lammergeier, the augur buzzard and the white-throated dipper, which are attracted to the unique climate of the mountain.
The effects of the type of plate boundary at Mount Kilimanjaro can also be seen in the various dwarf species of antelope, hyrax, rodents and monkeys which are often found in the higher reaches of the mountain. These animals are well adapted to the harsh conditions and extreme temperatures, allowing them to survive in the harshest of climates.
Ecological Challenges and Change
Whilst the unique topographical features of Mount Kilimanjaro have enabled a considerable number of species to flourish and thrive, there still exists an array of ecological challenges that directly affect the mountain’s wildlife and habitats. The introduction of human activities such as deforestation, poaching and the burning of vegetation has had a detrimental effect on the mountain’s wildlife and ecosystems. In addition, the ongoing climate change has resulted in a decrease in the amount of precipitation, leading to a greater risk of drought conditions which can further damage the mountain’s sensitive ecosystems.
Whilst the conversion of the tectonic plates has itself been beneficial to the mountain’s ecological life, if the delicate balance of the mountain’s environment is altered, this can lead to a significant decrease in the presence of animals and plants. Conservationists and wildlife experts are actively working to restore and protect the mountain’s ecosystems by raising awareness and encouraging the local community to take action. With the continued support of the local people, authorities and environmental organisations, the mountain’s unique habitats and animals are sure to be preserved for future generations to enjoy.
Volcanic and Magma Activity
In addition to the effects of the plate boundary, Mount Kilimanjaro has been affected by a number of other geological phenomena. It has long been speculated that there is a layer of magma located within the mountain, as evidenced by the presence of hot springs and steam vents, which have been found near the summit. Theories of volcanic activity have been further bolstered by the presence of a combination of different types of lava and ash deposits in the mountain’s foothills.
In terms of the magma activity within the mountain, it is estimated that molten rock rises to around 2,000 metres below the peak, providing the necessary heat for the hot springs and steam vents. Further evidence of the presence of magma activity has been revealed by seismic activity, which suggests that the tectonic plates are in a state of constant movement, suggesting the possibility of future eruptions and other volcanic activity.
Impact on Culture and Religion
The intense geological activity that is present in and around Mount Kilimanjaro has significantly impacted the culture, belief and religious practices of the local people. The mountain has long been considered a sacred site and a spiritual symbol as it was thought to be a bridge between the physical and spiritual realms. Consequently, this belief is seen in a variety of traditional customs, religious ceremonies and festivals that have been practised in the region for many centuries.
For the Chagga tribe, Mount Kilimanjaro is thought to be the home of the spirit god, Ngai, and the mountain is therefore seen as a place of power, awe and protection. Further, the Luo tribe revere the mountain as their ancestral home, whilst the Maasai believe that the mountain is the source of all their power and strength.
Tourism
The presence of such spiritual meanings in the local culture has ensured that climbing Mount Kilimanjaro has long been considered a traditional rite of passage for many Africans. Today, the mountain receives hundreds of thousands of hikers each year, with people eager to explore the mountain and experience the unique landscape, stunning views and challenging terrain. Interest in climbing the mountain has increased further since the release of films featuring the famous peak, such as ‘Out of Africa’ and ‘The Memory of a Mountain’.
The rise in popularity of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro has created a huge potential for tourism in the region. This has resulted in the formation of trekking companies, which offer guided tours of the mountain and its surroundings. It has also enabled the local community to access resources, such as food and water, that are vital for their survival. In addition, the mountain has been instrumental in drawing attention to the vulnerable Environment, raising awareness and increasing funding for environmental conservation projects in the area.
Environmental Protection
Mount Kilimanjaro’s unique ecosystems and wildlife are under threat as a result of human activities such as deforestation and poaching. In response to this, a number of key conservation measures have been put in place to protect the mountain’s ecosystems. This includes the designation of the Kilimanjaro National Park, an area of approximately 16,500 hectares, which was declared a United Nations World Heritage Site in 1987.
The park provides a range of activities such as hiking, camping and mountaineering, which all help to protect the natural environment of the mountain. Further, the park attracts a large number of tourists worldwide, enabling the local community to generate income and consequently protect their livelihoods. In addition, the formation of the Kilimanjaro Forest and Bird Reserve, a protected area of 1,016 hectares, ensures that the mountain’s rare bird species are protected and can continue to flourish.
Conclusion
The type of plate boundary at Mount Kilimanjaro has had an immense impact on its geology, the presence of rare species of animals and plants, and its spiritual significance for the local culture. The convergence of the two plates has not only enabled the mountain to achieve its impressive height but has also enabled unique and distinct ecosystems to form. In addition, the presence of magma activity and volcanic activity affects the local climate and environment, providing the necessary conditions for a variety of species to inhabit the various terrains.
Despite the many features and benefits of the mountain, human activities and climate change have had a detrimental effect on its delicate ecosystems and habitats. Consequently, conservation measures have been put in place to protect the mountain’s environment, making sure that this unique ecosystem remains in its current form for future generations to explore and enjoy.
