Kilimanjaro mountain is often referred to as the “Roof of Africa”, located in Tanzania, the mountain within a region known as the African Great Lakes. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain on the continent and the highest single free-standing mountain on Earth, reaching an altitude of 5,895 metres (19,341ft). Encountering Kilimanjaro is a dream for climbers around the world, and also for those who desire to experience it spiritually.
The Palaeoanthropological Site of Laetoli, which dates back 3.7 million years, is situated just 40 km of Kilimanjaro. Taking this into consideration and the area’s great biodiversity, Kilimanjaro presents a unique opportunity to study natural history and understand our past. The mountains of Kilimanjaro have been the topic of several studies by paleoanthropologists, geologists, glaciologists and climatologists interested in the region’s remarkable natural history and political stability records.
Kilimanjaro is home to wonderful wildlife, with a variety of native plants, birds and animals. In the alpine zone stretches the mountain glaciers and high snow peaks, while the surrounding woodlands and forests are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The forests are home to numerous species of wild animals including primates, antelopes, the endangered black rhino and the iconic African elephant.
The darkness surrounding the top of the mountain, the jagged peaks and ever-changing clouds, add to its beauty and spiritual significance. Vast and imposing, Mount Kilimanjaro has been a focal point for indigenous religions since long before Europeans set eyes on its glory. Locals believe that it is taboo to climb up to the summit, an act of reverence to the ‘God of the Mountain’.
The mighty mountain has even been made UNESCO World Heritage Site for it’s outstanding ecological importance, for hosting species, natural habitats, ecosystems and landscapes that are of global significance. It is the main feature of Tanzania’s Kilimanjaro National Park and Montane Forest, though it is inevitable that the primary reason to visit this incredible mountain is to make a trip to the top and bask in the glistening snow and views that go on for what feels like forever.
Mountain climbers around the world make the treacherous journey annually, most attempting the daunting task of summiting without the use of supplementary oxygen and guides. While it is possible for an experienced climber with the right equipment to ascend Kilimanjaro, it is advised to book with an experienced and professional mountain tour operator, as the conditions can be challenging and dangerous at times.
The mountain is part of the Great Rift Valley, a region high in biological diversity and geological spectaculars, presenting a strong argument for its protection. This definitely should not be seen as an obstacle against its spiritual significance. The local communities, many of whom make their livelihoods in the shadow of Kilimanjaro, acknowledge the immense financial importance of safari and trekking industries, some of which still practice religious ceremonies gently repurposing ancient beliefs.
Weather and Climate on Kilimanjaro
The climate of Kilimanjaro varies depending on the altitude. Conditions can range from dry and sunny at the mountain bottom, to cold and windy at the summit. Rainfall is generally low, but the mountains can get snowed on, adding to the challenge for would-be summiters. The temperature at the summit varies from about -7°C (19°F) at night to -2°C (28°F) during the day. As the altitude increases, temperatures drop and atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels decrease.
The majority of the climb is about adapting to the conditions and elements, but aside from being well-prepared, travelers and climbers should always be alert and aware of their surroundings. The best time to climb Kilimanjaro is between December and March. The cloudless skies during these months and the mild temperatures, allow a certain concentration to be maintained when climbing.
The strong winds can easily knock unprepared hikers off their feet and create obstructions, while the nighttime temperatures can be severe and are known to drop to near-freezing temperatures even during the hottest months. It is therefore recommended that an experienced tour operator is employed to ensure the most technically advanced preparations.
Acclimatisation on Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro can be successfully climbed without specialized mountaineering equipment, however the climate and conditions can be unforgiving and the altitude gain is significant. Proper acclimatisation is essential to a successful ascent and the health of the trekkers. Most tour operators use an approach and itinerary that are carefully considered and tailored to the individual to ensure maximum safety. This includes taking a slow, steady approach—allowing the body to acclimatise to higher altitudes.
Growing awareness about altitude sickness has allowed operators to implement the concept of altitude acclimatization, by slowly increasing altitude over several days. This helps the body to acclimatise, allowing the heart rate, blood flow and breathing to adjust to the decrease in oxygen. It is highly recommended that trekkers allow their bodies to adjust to the altitude by taking the time to rest and recover wherever possible.
It is also important to consider the season and the temperatures during the climb. The months between June and September are generally warm, stable, and often sunny–making them atime of year when many climbers choose to summit, due to the favourable conditions. The warm, drydays often make for an enjoyable climb, but it is important to bear in mind that the temperature can quickly drop and ice could form on the trail, making the climb more complicated.
The Flora and Fauna on Kilimanjaro
The high altitude environment of Kilimanjaro means there is limited flora and fauna. As you climb, the visible wildlife changes from elephants and zebras to exotic animals like the Shira mole rats. You will also see unique birds like the alpine chat, ptarmigan and the eagle.The lower region of the mountain is home to a variety of endemic species, such as the fringe-eared oryx, the Kilimanjaro mouse and the endemic Kilimanjaro chameleon, to name a few.
In the forests of Kilimanjaro you will find a variety of trees, such as the endemic Kilimanjaro olive tree and the juniper tree. There is an abundance of colourful plants, such as the yellow-flowered lobelia and giant groundsel, while wildflowers add an incredible burst of colour to the area.
Sadly, this unique environment is facing numerous threats. The main threat comes from humans, with the main causes being deforestation, poaching, and illegal human activities. Climate change is also playing a role, with reports of the mountain’s glaciers shrinking, likely due to global warming.
Having said this, Kilimanjaro remains an awe-inspiring destination and a must-visit destination for any passionate nature lover. So why not join forces and be part of the conservation effort by visiting Kilimanjaro and supporting those who safeguard it’s wealth of diverse landscapes, wildlife and cultural heritage?
The Cultural Significance of Kilimanjaro
Aside from the array of wildlife, plants and geological formations, climbing Mount Kilimanjaro is a truly spiritual experience for many. Many tribes living around the base of Kilimanjaro, have their own unique beliefs and rituals related to the mountain and its summit, which are deeply intertwined with their own ancient cosmology.
The local communities attribute great significance to the mountain, with the highest peak being regarded by some as the home of their ancestors or the abode of their gods.These beliefs have been passed down through generations and they continue to shape the relationship between the local people and their mountainous environment.
One of the earliest records of these beliefs was written by Dr. Gustav Fischer in 1895, who wrote: „To the Masai and Wahehe people Kilimanjaro always has been, and still is, the home and dwelling place of the God Ngai. On it’s summit rides his warrior, Ololomono, the lord who reigns over all mountains”.
The religious significance of Kilimanjaro over the years is widespread. Many believe that the peak has a link to divinity, invoking a sense of awe and reverence for the mountain and its surroundings. To this day, the mountain commands great respect from all who stand at its foot or who dare to summit its majestic peak.
The Modern Day Descendants of Kilimanjaro
Over the shadow of the legendary Mount Kilimanjaro, the surrounding local villages form part of a vibrant and diverse cultural landscape.This remarkable area is populated by the indigenous people of the Chagga and Maasai, who have lived here for centuries, but who now also blended into a modern and increasingly interconnected culture.
Despite this, traditions, cultures and a strong sense of identity remain, with the mountain still being respected and revered by the local people. The nearby Chagga villages—Moshi, Marangu and Kibosho—are where many of the modern-day descendants of Kilimanjaro’s first settlers and explorers still reside.
These villages embody the traditional lifestyles and rituals still highly valued by the local people. Visitors can walk along the path leading up the mountain, buy local produce in the markets, visit the incredible Marangu monasteries and discover the historical stories of these magnificent places.
The majestic and spiritual Mount Kilimanjaro is an inspirational experience to all who encounter it, and the local and national parks provide some incredible activities to experience on the way to its summit. Whether it’s a spiritual journey or an adventure, the land of Kilimanjaro holds an amazing array of wonders waiting to be discovered.
