Formation of Mount Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro is one of the world’s tallest mountains located in northern Tanzania, with its summit standing at an impressive 19,333 feet tall. The mountain’s iconic snow-capped peak uniquely towers over the surrounding landscape, and is visible for about a hundred miles. This makes the mountain one of the most well-known landmarks in the country. But how was it formed?
The fascinating story behind the creation of Mount Kilimanjaro stretches back millions of years. The mountain is believed to have begun as a deep ocean trench in the east African region, colliding with another plate before pushing up from the ground. It is estimated this collision occurred approximately 220 million years ago. According to some scientists, the movement of the tectonic plates is still taking place today but at a much slower rate.
Mount Kilimanjaro is made up of three distinct volcanoes: Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, which are all part of what is known as the Kilimanjaro volcanic complex. Kibo is the highest peak and is a dormant, potentially active, stratovolcano. Mawenzi is a compost cone and Shira a more level plateau.
The mountains themselves are made up of a number of different kinds of rock, formed by various geological processes. There are three distinct layers which contain different kinds of rocks. The lower layer is made up mostly of Germanium, Pallazo, and Syenite. The middle layer is made up of andesitic rock and tuffs which contain fragments of minerals and crystals. The upper layer is comprised of granite, which is one of the oldest rocks on earth.
The presence of snow-capped peaks resulted from a unique set of weather and climate trends, in addition to the changing layer of rock structures. A combination of scorching heat and strong winds cool down the temperatures and cause condensation, leading to snowfall. As air is forced to the higher elevations, it will trap more moisture, leading to clouds and eventually snowfall, which covers the mountain peaks all year round.
Composition of Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro is actually a series of different ecosystems situated on three different levels. These zones include the forests, heaths, moorlands and alpine desert, and the peak itself – Uhuru Peak which represents the highest point and is situated near the peak of the mountain, at 5,895 meters.
The lower and middle areas of the mountain have significant rainforest ecosystems, populated by many different species of plants and animals. This is also where most of the human activity on the mountain takes place, with many different lodges, trails, and campsites offering visitors the opportunity to trek up the markable mountain. In the middle of the mountain, this area supports the Hanang, Akhaguru and Mgeta tribe, and many other cultures, existing in harmony with nature.
Above the tree line and up to a certain elevation, is a drier moorland ecosystem, which is characterised by shrubby heathers, open grassy meadows, and heathland. Higher up, the alpine desert begins, where the climate is even drier with much cooler, harsher temperatures. Above this zone, the landscape gives way to glaciers, snow and ice, making it difficult for human or animal life to survive.
Effects of Climate Change on Mount Kilimanjaro
Climate change is having an alarming effect on the environment of Mount Kilimanjaro, and this area is considered a global indicator for the effects that climate change is having on vulnerable high mountain ecosystems around the world. In recent years, the mountain’s glaciers have been retreating at an alarming rate due to rising temperatures, decreasing the overall snow and ice coverage. Locals and experts have noticed significant changes in the snow line, down to an elevation of 3,800 meters, compared to 4,800 meters in the past. This is attributed to intense air pollution over the last century which trapped in more heat than the earth’s atmosphere could manage.
The retreat of the ice and snow on the mountain has affected the landscape and conditions in the associated townships. This will significantly reduce the amount of the water resources, leading to a shortage of water for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower. Furthermore, changes in the mountain’s temperature and precipitation patterns can jeopardise the agriculture and livelihood of local residents, as well as damaging to plant and animal species native to the area.
Conservation Efforts for Mount Kilimanjaro
Various initiatives are currently in place to help counteract the devastating effects of climate change on the mountain, and implement more sustainable practices to its users. One of the key strategies includes the ability to monitor climate change and manage resources. Data from satellite imagery, aerial surveys, and local monitoring sites can be used to build tailored strategies to better understand, monitor and reduce the effects of climate change on the mountain’s environment.
Conservationists have also focussed on increasing visitor numbers in a more sustainable way. This is done through responsible tourism practices, waste management, and other protection measures, such as camp rules, closure of certain trails and limits to the number of people allowed on the mountain at any time. Furthermore, an education and conservation campaign is in place to help spread awareness on the effects of climate change, and the need to take action.
Impacts of Tourism on Mount Kilimanjaro
Tourism plays a major role in the local economy of the Kilimanjaro region, creating jobs and providing additional income to local people through souvenirs, transportation services and accommodation. The increased number of visitors also allows for better protection and conservation of the environment. Tourism can provide the necessary resources to help tackle climate change, by investing in education and infrastructure projects, as well as providing alternative livelihoods to the local people.
On the other hand, an increase in tourist numbers can also have a negative impact on the environment if not managed sustainably. Having too many people in one area at any given time can cause environmental damage, such as soil erosion, pollution, and destruction of habitats. It is therefore important that responsible practices are practiced in order to protect the mountain and its surrounding ecosystems.
Adapting to Climate Change on Mount Kilimanjaro
In order to better adapt to climate change, it is important to gain a thorough understanding of the mountain’s environment, and the resulting impacts of increasing temperatures. Through a better understanding of the processes and patterns of climate change, it is possible to develop strategies and implement policies that can protect the mountain and its environment.
In order to successfully manage and mitigate the impacts of climate change in the Mount Kilimanjaro region, it is essential that authorities collaborate with local stakeholders to develop collaboration-driven policies and rules, and ensure transparent access to key information. Funding and financial resources are also essential for the successful implementation of climate change adaptation strategies.
Preserving the Culture of Mount Kilimanjaro
The culture of the Mt. Kilimanjaro region is incredibly diverse and rich, and is strongly linked to its environment. It is therefore essential that initiatives and management plans are in place to preserve the cultural heritage of the area, by actively engaging and consulting with local communities, and promoting sustainable practices. This can help to protect the culture of the region, by promoting cultural practices, worldviews, and traditional knowledge to the public, as well as providing economic opportunities to local people.
It is also important to recognise and protect the cultural resources of the mountain and its surrounding areas, by researching and documenting stories and myths, and by protecting traditional religious sites and sacred places. This will ensure that the intangible heritage of the Mount Kilimanjaro region will continue to be preserved for generations to come.
Conclusion of Mount Kilimanjaro
Mount Kilimanjaro is an iconic landmark, placed at the heart of the Tanzanian wilderness. Its history stretches back millions of years, with its amazing environment and cultural heritage deeply embedded into the surrounding landscape. However, climate change is having a damaging effect on the mountain, highlighting the need for thorough understanding, management and protection of the environment. In addition, responsible practices need to be implemented alongside tailored conservation initiatives in order to ensure the preservation of its majestic wonders. By implementing these measures, it is possible to ensure that the snow-capped peak of Mount Kilimanjaro continues to proudly soar over the surrounding horizon for many years to come.
