The Climate at the Summit of Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro is Africa’s highest mountain and one of the world’s most iconic wonders of nature. Its summit – Uhuru peak – is located about 6,000 meters above sea level, and as such, its climate has strong sub-arctic characteristics. But how cold does it get on the top of Kilimanjaro?
Average Temperature
At Kilimanjaro’s summit, temperatures can vary significantly over the course of a year and day. During the coldest months of June and July, temperatures average around -7 °C (19.4 °F). As the mountain is located close to the equator, temperatures are warmest around December and January when the average temperature at the summit can sometimes reach as high as 0 °C (32 °F).
At night time temperatures on the top of Kilimanjaro can drop as low as -15 °C (5 °F). Snow is rare year-round, and it is impossible to ski on Kilimanjaro due to the near-year round snow cover at the summit.
The Challenges of the Cold
Climbers who choose to tackle the mountain must be well-equipped and prepared for the cold temperatures. This means they must wear proper clothing layers which regulate body temperature and keep the weather conditions from becoming too extreme. Proper footwear must also be chosen to tackle the icy snow and slippery, black ice.
Climbers must also be wary of the wind chill effect, which can drastically reduce the perceived temperature. Winds at the summit of Kilimanjaro can reach speeds of 50 km/hr (31 mph), leading to a chill factor which can reduce the temperature an additional 10 °C.
The Lack of Oxygen
The cold isn’t the only challenge that Kilimanjaro climbers have to face. The summit also features a much thinner air, as there is 40% less oxygen at the summit than at sea level. This can cause climbers to tire quickly and can lead to altitude sickness if the climb is done too quickly.
Most climbers need five to six days to reach the summit, giving their bodies time to get used to the thinner air. Experienced climbers observe that the extreme cold and lack of oxygen significantly increase the demand for strength and endurance of climbers attempting to reach the peak.
The Necessity of Proper Acclimatization
Seasoned climbers thus recommend to prepare for the climb by learning about proper nutrition and pacing, adequate hydration and the importance of acclimatization. Taking these precautions can prepare climbers for the cold temperatures and thin air they will face at the summit of Kilimanjaro.
The Types of Vegetation at Kilimanjaro
A huge part of Kilimanjaro’s attraction comes from its wide variety of ecosystems in its surroundings. Just within the mountain it is possible to observe five distinct ecosystems. Each with its own climate, vegetation, wildlife and terrain.
The lowest parts of Kilimanjaro are dominated by a tropical climate, where large plants and trees thrive in the warm environment. At the base of Kilimanjaro are broadleaf evergreens, the cloud forests and marshlands. Moving up the mountain, tropical rainforest give way to an alpine desert ecosystem.
The higher you go, the more precarious the vegetation and wildlife become. The crest of Kilimanjaro is home to an alpine meadow where only a few hearty shrubs, mosses, lichens and small grasses can be found.. This ecosystem is one of the first to be affected by a change in the climate and is a strong indicator of how radical climate change can affect an environment.
The Threat of Climate Change
Kilimanjaro’s pristine ecosystems are threatened by climate change due to the high sensitivity of its mountain ecosystem. This means that even slight changes in temperature or rainfall patterns can drastically affect the mountain’s habitats, ecology and vegetation.
In addition, climate change is causing the glaciers to melt fast, leading to a decrease in snow cover and a drastic decrease in river flows.
The consequences of these changes can be dire and can even result in the permanent disappearance of iconic landscapes like Kilimanjaro’s.
Ecosystem Conservation
It is for this reason that conservation and protection of Kilimanjaro’s ecosystems is critical for its preservation. This includes the promotion and protection of efficient management practices in order to minimize the loss of biodiversity and minimize the impact of climate change.
It also includes the use of renewable energy sources instead of fossil fuels and the implementation of international agreements that strengthen the protection of endangered species and forests. Only by taking these measures can Kilimanjaro’s unique ecosystems be preserved for generations to come.
The Wildlife on Kilimanjaro
When talking about Kilimanjaro, the first thing that springs to mind is usually the snow-capped peak and majestic glaciers. But the mountain is home to a wide variety of wildlife, with more than 75 species of mammals, over 130 species of birds, and countless species of plant life.
Mammals
The most iconic animal species on Kilimanjaro are the endangered Walia ibex and the Kilimanjaro bushbaby. Other species include the gelada baboons, the elephant shrew and the antelope. There have even been reports of sightings of African leopards and monkeys on the slopes of Kilanmanjaro.
Birds
Besides mammals, Kilimanjaro is also home to a variety of birds. Of these, the lammergeyers, augur buzzards and peregrines are the most interesting and sought after bird species for birdwatchers. In addition, the towns of Mweka and Moshi are home to a wide variety of tropical and terrestrial birds.
Insects and Reptiles
Kilimanjaro is home to an abundant amount of insect and reptile species. From locusts and crickets to chameleons and venomous snakes, the mountain has enough to satisfy the tastes of anyone who is looking for adventure.
Endangered Species
Unfortunately, Kilimanjaro is also home to several endangered species, such as the critically endangered leopard and the near threatened African elephant. These species are threatened by illegal hunting and habitat destruction, and conservation efforts are ongoing to protect them from further harm.
The Benefits of Climbing Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro is one of the most popular mountain destinations in the world, with thousands of people attempting to conquer its summit every year. Even if climbers don’t reach the top, they can still enjoy the many benefits that Kilimanjaro can offer.
Improved Physical and Mental Health
Climbing Kilimanjaro is an intense physical and mental exercise, and it can lead to improved physical and mental health. The exercise, exposure to the sun, and the altitude can have a positive effect on one’s physical condition, while the sense of accomplishment and connection with nature can have a profound effect on one’s mental wellbeing.
Witness a Unique Landscape
Kilimanjaro is home to unique ecosystems, unusual wildlife and spectacular views. Climbing Kilimanjaro can provide a unique and unforgettable experience for everyone who attempts it.
Learn Survival Skills
Climbing Kilimanjaro can also teach people how to survive in dangerous and rugged environments. The skills learnt can prove invaluable when traversing remote and mountainous regions.
Foster Teamwork and Determination
Climbing Kilimanjaro can also help foster teamwork and determination, as it needs cooperation amongst its members. This can also enhance team spirit, as each member needs to work in tandem to reach the summit.
What to Expect When Climbing Kilimanjaro
Kilimanjaro is an iconic mountain that attracts tourists and hikers worldwide. However, before climbing Kilimanjaro, there are some things to keep in mind.
Equipment
It is essential to have the right equipment when climbing Kilimanjaro – sturdy boots, warm layers, gloves and proper outerwear are just some of the equipment necessary for a successful climb. It is important to also get proper training before attempting the summit, as the altitude, environment and terrain can be tricky to tackle without experience.
Acclimatization
The altitude at the peak of Kilimanjaro is 6,000 meters, so hikers must be aware of the risks and hazards of climbing high altitudes. This means taking proper precautions – such as acclimatization – to ensure a safe and successful climb.
Pacing
The key to a successful climb is patience and pacing. It is essential to go at a slow and steady pace, as any overexertion can lead to altitude sickness and exhaustion. It takes an average of five days to reach the summit, so it is important to keep this in mind and not rush the climb.
Health Risks
Aside from the cold temperatures and lack of oxygen, there are other health risks that climbers must be aware of. These include the risk of getting hypothermia and frostbite, as well as the risk of becoming lost or injured due to the terrain.
Mental Preparation
Finally, it is important to mentally prepare for the climb. This includes having a positive mindset, staying focused on the goal and learning to manage stress levels. This will help keep hikers motivated and remain in good spirits throughout the journey.
